Outline

• Initialize the parameters for a two-layer network and for an $L$-layer neural network. 初始化参数
• Implement the Forward Propagation module (shown in purple in the figure below).
• Complete the LINEAR part of a layer’s forward propagation step (resulting in $Z^{[l]}$).
• ACTIVATION function (relu/sigmoid) has been given.
• Combine the previous two steps into a new [LINEAR->ACTIVATION] forward function.
• Stack the [LINEAR->RELU] forward function L-1 time (for layers 1 through L-1) and add a [LINEAR->SIGMOID] at the end (for the final layer $L$). This will bulid a new L_model_forward function. 前$L-1$层为LINEAR->RELU, 最后一层为LINEAR->SIGMOID
• Compute the loss.
• Implement the backward propagation module (denoted in red in the figure below).
• Complete the LINEAR part of a layer’s backward propagation step.
• The ACTIVATE function (relu_backward/sigmoid_backward) has been given.
• Combine the previous two steps into a new [LINEAR->ACTIVATION] backward function.
• Stack [LINEAR->RELU] backward L-1 times and add [LINEAR->SIGMOID] backward in a new L_model_backward function
• Finally update the parameters.

Initialization

The initialization for a deeper L-layer neural network is more complicated because there are many more weight matrices and bias vectors. When completing the initialize_parameters_deep, you should make sure that your dimensions match between each layer. Recall that $n^{[l]}$ is the number of units in layer $l$. Thus for example if the size of our input $X$ is $(12288, 209)$ (with $m=209$ examples).

Remember that when we compute $W X + b$ in python, it carries out broadcasting. For example, if:

Then $WX + b$ will be:

for l in range(1, L):
parameters['W' + str(l)] = np.random.randn(layer_dims[l], layer_dims[l-1]) * 0.01
parameters['b' + str(l)] = np.zeros((layer_dims[l], 1))


Forward propagation module

Linear Forward

The linear forward module (vectorized over all the examples) computes the following equations:

where $A^{[0]} = X$.

Linear-Activation Forward

• Sigmoid: $\sigma(Z) = \sigma(W A + b) = \frac{1}{ 1 + e^{-(W A + b)}}$. We have provided you with the sigmoid function. This function returns two items: the activation value “a” and a “cache” that contains “Z” (it’s what we will feed in to the corresponding backward function). To use it you could just call:
A, activation_cache = sigmoid(Z)

• ReLU: The mathematical formula for ReLu is $A = RELU(Z) = max(0, Z)$. We have provided you with the relu function. This function returns two items: the activation value “A” and a “cache” that contains “Z” (it’s what we will feed in to the corresponding backward function). To use it you could just call:
A, activation_cache = relu(Z)


L-Layer Model

For even more convenience when implementing the $L$-layer Neural Net, you will need a function that replicates the previous one (linear_activation_forward with RELU) $L-1$ times, then follows that with one linear_activation_forward with SIGMOID.

def L_model_forward(X, parameters):
"""
Implement forward propagation for the [LINEAR->RELU]*(L-1)->LINEAR->SIGMOID computation

Arguments:
X -- data, numpy array of shape (input size, number of examples)
parameters -- output of initialize_parameters_deep()

Returns:
AL -- last post-activation value
caches -- list of caches containing:
every cache of linear_relu_forward() (there are L-1 of them, indexed from 0 to L-2)
the cache of linear_sigmoid_forward() (there is one, indexed L-1)
"""

caches = []
A = X
L = len(parameters) // 2                  # number of layers in the neural network

# Implement [LINEAR -> RELU]*(L-1). Add "cache" to the "caches" list.
for l in range(1, L):
A_prev = A
A, cache = linear_activation_forward(A_prev, parameters['W' + str(l)],
parameters['b' + str(l)],
activation="relu")
caches.append(cache)

# Implement LINEAR -> SIGMOID. Add "cache" to the "caches" list.
AL, cache = linear_activation_forward(A, parameters['W' + str(L)],
parameters['b' + str(L)],
activation="sigmoid")
caches.append(cache)

assert(AL.shape == (1,X.shape[1]))
return AL, caches


caches->linear_activation_cache

Cost function

Compute the cross-entropy cost $J$, using the following formula: $-\frac{1}{m} \sum\limits_{i = 1}^{m} (y^{(i)}\log\left(a^{[L] (i)}\right) + (1-y^{(i)})\log\left(1- a^{[L](i)}\right)) \tag{7}$

    m = Y.shape[1]
cost = (-1/m) * np.sum(np.multiply(Y, np.log(AL)) + np.multiply((1-Y), np.log(1-AL)))

cost = np.squeeze(cost)      # To make sure your cost's shape is what we expect (e.g. this turns [[17]] into 17).
assert(cost.shape == ())


Backward propagation module

Linear backward

The three outputs $(dW^{[l]}, db^{[l]}, dA^{[l]})$ are computed using the input $dZ^{[l]}$.Here are the formulas you need: $dW^{[l]} = \frac{\partial \mathcal{L} }{\partial W^{[l]}} = \frac{1}{m} dZ^{[l]} A^{[l-1] T} \tag{8}$ $db^{[l]} = \frac{\partial \mathcal{L} }{\partial b^{[l]}} = \frac{1}{m} \sum_{i = 1}^{m} dZ^{[l](i)}\tag{9}$ $dA^{[l-1]} = \frac{\partial \mathcal{L} }{\partial A^{[l-1]}} = W^{[l] T} dZ^{[l]} \tag{10}$

def linear_backward(dZ, cache):
"""
Implement the linear portion of backward propagation for a single layer (layer l)

Arguments:
dZ -- Gradient of the cost with respect to the linear output (of current layer l)
cache -- tuple of values (A_prev, W, b) coming from the forward propagation in the current layer

Returns:
dA_prev -- Gradient of the cost with respect to the activation (of the previous layer l-1), same shape as A_prev
dW -- Gradient of the cost with respect to W (current layer l), same shape as W
db -- Gradient of the cost with respect to b (current layer l), same shape as b
"""
A_prev, W, b = cache
m = A_prev.shape[1]

### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 3 lines of code)
dW = np.dot(dZ, cache[0].T) / m
db = np.sum(dZ, axis=1, keepdims=True) / m
dA_prev = np.dot(cache[1].T, dZ)

### END CODE HERE ###

assert (dA_prev.shape == A_prev.shape)
assert (dW.shape == W.shape)
assert (db.shape == b.shape)

return dA_prev, dW, db


Linear-Activation backward

• sigmoid_backward: Implements the backward propagation for SIGMOID unit. You can call it as follows:
dZ = sigmoid_backward(dA, activation_cache)

• relu_backward: Implements the backward propagation for RELU unit. You can call it as follows:
dZ = relu_backward(dA, activation_cache)


If $g(.)$ is the activation function, sigmoid_backward and relu_backward compute $dZ^{[l]} = dA^{[l]} * g'(Z^{[l]}) \tag{11}$.

 if activation == "relu":
dZ = relu_backward(dA, activation_cache)
dA_prev, dW, db = linear_backward(dZ, linear_cache)

elif activation == "sigmoid":
dZ = sigmoid_backward(dA, activation_cache)
dA_prev, dW, db = linear_backward(dZ, linear_cache)


L-Model Backward

Initializing backpropagation: To backpropagate through this network, we know that the output is, $A^{[L]} = \sigma(Z^{[L]})$. Your code thus needs to compute dAL $= \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial A^{[L]}}$. To do so, use this formula (derived using calculus which you don’t need in-depth knowledge of):

dAL = - (np.divide(Y, AL) - np.divide(1 - Y, 1 - AL)) # derivative of cost with respect to AL

def L_model_backward(AL, Y, caches):
"""
Implement the backward propagation for the [LINEAR->RELU] * (L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID group

Arguments:
AL -- probability vector, output of the forward propagation (L_model_forward())
Y -- true "label" vector (containing 0 if non-cat, 1 if cat)
caches -- list of caches containing:
every cache of linear_activation_forward() with "relu" (it's caches[l], for l in range(L-1) i.e l = 0...L-2)
the cache of linear_activation_forward() with "sigmoid" (it's caches[L-1])

Returns:
"""
L = len(caches) # the number of layers
m = AL.shape[1]
Y = Y.reshape(AL.shape) # after this line, Y is the same shape as AL

# Initializing the backpropagation
dAL = -(np.divide(Y, AL) - np.divide(1-Y, 1-AL))

current_cache = caches[L-1]

for l in reversed(range(L-1)):
# lth layer: (RELU -> LINEAR) gradients.
# Inputs: "grads["dA" + str(l + 2)], caches". Outputs: "grads["dA" + str(l + 1)] , grads["dW" + str(l + 1)] , grads["db" + str(l + 1)]
current_cache = caches[l]
dA_prev_temp, dW_temp, db_temp = linear_activation_backward(grads["dA" + str(l+2)], current_cache, "relu")
grads["dA" + str(l + 1)] = dA_prev_temp
grads["dW" + str(l + 1)] = dW_temp
grads["db" + str(l + 1)] = db_temp



Update Parameters

Update the parameters of the model, using gradient descent:

$W^{[l]} = W^{[l]} - \alpha \text{ } dW^{[l]} \tag{16}$ $b^{[l]} = b^{[l]} - \alpha \text{ } db^{[l]} \tag{17}$

where $\alpha$ is the learning rate. After computing the updated parameters, store them in the parameters dictionary.

 for l in range(L):
parameters["W" + str(l+1)] = parameters["W" + str(l+1)] - learning_rate * grads["dW" + str(l+1)]
parameters["b" + str(l+1)] = parameters["b" + str(l+1)] - learning_rate * grads["db" + str(l+1)]